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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

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Published on: October 11, 2024
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Radio Frequency Immunity Testing of Hearing Aids.
Stephen D Julstrom1, Linda K Kozma-Spytek2, Brian B Beard3
1Julstrom Consulting and Development.
Summary
New "maximal sum" methods improve radio frequency (RF) immunity measurements for small equipment under test (EUT), like hearing aids. These 6 and 12-orientation techniques offer more consistent results than existing approaches.
Area of Science:
- Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing
- Radio frequency (RF) interference
- Measurement science
Background:
- Accurate RF immunity measurements are crucial for electronic devices, especially sensitive ones like hearing aids.
- Current methods approximate optimal EUT orientation using multiple predetermined measurements within a Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell.
- Identifying the most sensitive EUT orientation is key to reliable RF immunity assessment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce novel 6 and 12-orientation
- maximal sum
- methods for small Equipment Under Test (EUT) RF immunity measurement.
- To evaluate the effectiveness of these new methods compared to existing techniques.
Main Methods:
- Development of new 6 and 12-orientation
- maximal sum
- algorithms for RF immunity testing.
- Utilizing a Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic (GTEM) cell for measurements.
- Comparison of new methods against established vector summation techniques.
Main Results:
- The proposed 6 and 12-orientation
- maximal sum
- methods demonstrated improved consistency in approaching the reference RF immunity goal.
- These new methods outperformed other examined approaches using a similar number of measurements.
- Experimental validation confirmed the efficacy of the novel techniques.
Conclusions:
- The
- maximal sum
- methods offer a more reliable way to determine the most sensitive EUT orientation for RF immunity testing.
- These techniques represent a significant advancement over current practices for small EUT.
- The study highlights the potential for enhanced accuracy and consistency in EMC testing.
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