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Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Exfoliation and Analysis of Large-area, Air-Sensitive Two-Dimensional Materials
Published on: January 5, 2019
All-Electrical Determination of Crystal Orientation in Anisotropic Two-Dimensional Materials
Lintao Peng1, Spencer A Wells2, Christopher R Ryder2
1Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
Abstract:
The crystal orientation of an exfoliated black phosphorous flake is determined by purely electrical means. A sequence of three resistance measurements on an arbitrarily shaped flake with five contacts determines the three independent components of the anisotropic in-plane resistivity tensor, thereby revealing the crystal axes. The resistivity anisotropy ratio decreases linearly with increasing temperature T and carrier density reaching a maximum ratio of 3.0 at low temperatures and densities, while mobility indicates impurity scattering at low T and acoustic phonon scattering at high T.
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