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Related Concept Videos

Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

13.8K
Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Attribution01:26

Attribution

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In social interactions, individuals frequently seek to understand the motivations and causes behind others' behaviors. This fundamental aspect of social perception, known as attribution, plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal relationships and guiding future actions. Attribution refers to the cognitive process through which people infer the reasons behind others' behaviors, allowing them to assess character traits, intentions, and situational influences.Attribution Theory and Its...
304
Personal Choice and Fate Attributions01:19

Personal Choice and Fate Attributions

182
Some individuals interpret life events as a consequence of their personal choices and actions, while others believe that outcomes are dictated by fate or destiny. This divergence in perspective has been examined in psychological and cross-cultural studies, particularly in relation to religious faith and cultural beliefs about causality.Fate and Personal ResponsibilityPeople who emphasize personal responsibility view events as direct consequences of their decisions. For instance, breaking a leg...
182
Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

603
Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
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Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

638
Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
638

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Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
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Smoking-attributable Mortality by State in 2014, U.S.

Jiemin Ma1, Rebecca L Siegel1, Eric J Jacobs2

  • 1Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.

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Cigarette smoking caused over 448,000 deaths in the U.S. in 2014, representing 17.8% of all deaths over age 35. These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced tobacco control strategies nationwide.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Tobacco Control

Background:

  • State-specific mortality estimates due to cigarette smoking are crucial for effective tobacco control advocacy and healthcare planning in the U.S.
  • Current data on state-level smoking-attributable deaths are lacking, hindering targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the number of deaths, population-attributable fraction (PAF), and years of potential life lost (YPLL) due to active cigarette smoking for each U.S. state.
  • To provide contemporary, state-specific data to inform tobacco control efforts and public health policy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 2014 state-specific smoking prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
  • Incorporated updated relative risks associated with smoking and mortality data for smoking-attributable diseases.
  • Calculated PAF, number of deaths, and YPLL for active cigarette smoking at the state level. Analyses were conducted in 2017.

Main Results:

  • In 2014, active cigarette smoking caused an estimated 448,865 deaths (17.8% of all deaths >35 years) in the U.S., resulting in 6,387,021 YPLL.
  • Population-attributable fractions varied significantly by state, ranging from 12.4% (Utah) to 25.2% (Arkansas) in men and 7.0% (Utah) to 20.0% (Nevada) in women.
  • Seven states exceeded 20% of all deaths attributable to smoking; California had the highest number of smoking-attributable deaths (38,182) and YPLL (508,370).

Conclusions:

  • Cigarette smoking remains a significant cause of mortality across all U.S. states, with the highest burden in Southern states.
  • The substantial and persistent mortality burden in states with established tobacco control programs, like California, underscores the necessity for intensified tobacco control measures nationwide.
  • These state-specific estimates provide critical data for targeted public health interventions and resource allocation in tobacco control initiatives.