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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Spin-orbit coupling generates magnetic torques for energy-efficient spintronic devices.
  • Field-free switching of perpendicular magnetizations is critical for practical spintronic applications.
  • Trilayer structures offer a potential route to manipulate torques by controlling magnetization in adjacent layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and investigate field-free switching in magnetic trilayers.
  • To elucidate the mechanism of spin-current generation and torque transfer in these structures.
  • To determine if bulk effects or interface effects govern the observed switching behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of magnetic trilayer structures.
  • Experimental investigation of magnetic switching under varying bottom-layer magnetization.
  • Analysis of spin-current generation mechanisms, distinguishing between bulk and interface contributions.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of field-free switching in the studied trilayer structures.
  • Observed dependence of switching on bottom-layer magnetization inconsistent with bulk spin-current effects.
  • Identification of an interface-based mechanism for spin-current generation responsible for the observed torques.

Conclusions:

  • The study highlights an interface-generated spin-orbit torque mechanism for field-free switching.
  • This interface mechanism accurately explains the experimental observations, differing from prior bulk-effect predictions.
  • The findings are significant for developing energy-efficient spintronic devices through tailored interfacial spin physics.