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Related Concept Videos

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Electricity is generated by either electrons or ions flowing through a solution or a conducting medium. This flow of electrons or specifically electrical charge is defined as an electric current. When electrons move through a wire, they generate an electric current. It can be recalled  that in a redox reaction, electrons are lost and gained. In the spontaneous redox reaction of zinc  with copper, when zinc is immersed in a copper ion solution, a transfer of electrons from one substance to...
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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces03:00

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Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...
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Tail-anchoring of Proteins in the ER Membrane01:45

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Tail-anchored, or TA, proteins are estimated to make up to 3-5% of membrane proteins found in the eukaryotic cell. Such proteins have a single transmembrane domain located approximately 30 amino acid residues upstream from the C-terminal end. As a result, the signal recognition particle (SRP) cannot guide a TA protein to the ER membrane for cotranslational insertion. Hence, they are integrated into the ER membrane post-translationally using their C-terminal end as the anchor. TA proteins...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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Force01:06

Force

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Forces affect every moment of our life. Our bodies are held to the Earth by force, and they are held together by the forces of charged particles. When we open a door, walk down a street, lift a fork, or touch a baby's face, we are applying force. Our body's atoms are held together by electrical forces, and the core of an atom, called the nucleus, is held together by the strongest force known to us—nuclear force.
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The Tail Suspension Test
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Catching a New Force by the Tail.

Simone Alioli1, Marco Farina2, Duccio Pappadopulo3

  • 1CERN Theory Division, CH-1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland and Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|March 24, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can detect new heavy gauge bosons by analyzing dilepton mass spectra. Precision measurements at the high-luminosity LHC could extend the reach for these Z

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Area of Science:

  • High Energy Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Collider Physics

Background:

  • The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) searches for new heavy gauge bosons (Z').
  • Direct detection of Z' bosons is limited to approximately 5 TeV.
  • Indirect detection via interference with Standard Model processes is possible for heavier Z' bosons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of the LHC to extend the mass reach for new heavy gauge bosons.
  • To demonstrate how precision measurements of the dilepton invariant mass spectrum can reveal the presence of heavy Z' bosons.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the dilepton invariant mass spectrum at the LHC.
  • Exploiting interference effects between Standard Model dilepton production and new gauge boson production.
  • Utilizing precision measurements to enhance sensitivity to heavy Z' bosons.

Main Results:

  • The LHC can significantly extend the mass reach for Z' bosons beyond direct production limits.
  • Precision measurements of the dilepton mass spectrum shape are crucial for indirect detection.
  • The high-luminosity LHC can exclude Z' bosons up to 10-20 TeV with gauge coupling strength.

Conclusions:

  • Precision measurements at the LHC offer a powerful method for discovering new heavy gauge bosons.
  • The high-luminosity LHC upgrade will substantially enhance the sensitivity to high-mass Z' bosons.
  • This study highlights the importance of detailed spectral shape analysis in beyond-Standard-Model physics searches.