Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Line Loss01:10

Line Loss

547
The different configurations of source-load connections include wye (star) and delta connections. The relationship between line and phase voltages and currents varies depending on the configuration. When the source is supplying power, it is transmitted through the wires to the load, and during this transmission, some power is absorbed by the wires, leading to line loss.
Line loss impacts power delivery efficiency in a balanced three-phase circuit. The symmetry in such a circuit simplifies the...
547
Reducing Line Loss01:18

Reducing Line Loss

393
In a three-phase circuit, line loss is an indicator of energy dissipated as heat due to the resistance of transmission lines. To address this, incorporating transformers into the system—a step-up transformer at the source and a step-down transformer at the load—is a strategic solution. Two three-phase transformers are introduced to improve this.
With a step-up transformer at the source, the voltage is increased, thereby reducing the current in the transmission lines since power loss in...
393
Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

2.0K
When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
2.0K
Minor Losses in Pipes01:25

Minor Losses in Pipes

2.0K
In pipe systems, minor losses refer to energy losses arising from components such as valves, bends, fittings, expansions, and other features that disrupt the steady flow of fluid. These disturbances cause energy dissipation through turbulence and resistance, which engineers quantify to manage system efficiency effectively.
Valves play a significant role in generating minor losses by obstructing or redirecting the fluid flow. When a valve is closed or partially closed, it restricts the flow...
2.0K
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

1.4K
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
1.4K
Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

574
The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...
574

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Conditional Knockout of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase-1 in Osteoprogenitor Cells in Mice Results in Sex-dependent Differences in Bone Mass.

Biochimie·2026
Same author

Crosstalk with bone marrow adipocytes, but not osteoblasts, drives a cortical bone resorption phenotype in female mice with adult-onset deletion of the glucocorticoid receptor in Osterix-expressing cells.

JBMR plus·2026
Same author

AhR signaling in joint homeostasis and disease.

Biochimie·2026
Same author

Tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) increase oxidative stress and impair osteoblastic bone formation.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2026
Same author

Microbiota-derived indole-3-propionic acid extends lifespan in Drosophila and improves muscle and bone health in mice.

GeroScience·2026
Same author

The antiretroviral drug emtricitabine increases kynurenine: tryptophan ratio, aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation, and cellular senescence in female mice.

Biochimie·2025
Same journal

HDL resuscitates cells from ferroptosis.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
Same journal

Decoding growth hormone actions on human growth plate stem cells.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
Same journal

Androgen loss backfires: Brain gate for tumor immunity.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
Same journal

Glucocorticoid resistance-induced inflammation drives cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome pathophysiology.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
Same journal

Hippo signalling in cellular and tissue-level metabolism across health and disease.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
Same journal

Early-life gut fungi as modulators of metabolic development.

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology
10:39

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Published on: December 7, 2011

15.6K

Blocking Bone Loss with l-BAIBA.

Mark W Hamrick1, Meghan E McGee-Lawrence1

  • 1Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism: TEM
|March 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Muscle-secreted β-aminoisobutyric acid (l-BAIBA) enhances osteocyte survival against oxidative stress. This finding reveals a new link between muscle activity and maintaining bone mass for skeletal health.

More Related Videos

Using Alizarin Red Staining to Detect Chemically Induced Bone Loss in Zebrafish Larvae
05:03

Using Alizarin Red Staining to Detect Chemically Induced Bone Loss in Zebrafish Larvae

Published on: December 28, 2021

6.0K
Models of Bone Metastasis
08:49

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

43.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology
10:39

Longitudinal Evaluation of Mouse Hind Limb Bone Loss After Spinal Cord Injury using Novel, in vivo, Methodology

Published on: December 7, 2011

15.6K
Using Alizarin Red Staining to Detect Chemically Induced Bone Loss in Zebrafish Larvae
05:03

Using Alizarin Red Staining to Detect Chemically Induced Bone Loss in Zebrafish Larvae

Published on: December 28, 2021

6.0K
Models of Bone Metastasis
08:49

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

43.2K

Area of Science:

  • Bone biology
  • Skeletal health
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Osteocytes are crucial for bone mass regulation.
  • Oxidative stress poses a threat to osteocyte function and survival.
  • The connection between muscle-derived factors and bone health requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of β-aminoisobutyric acid (l-BAIBA) in osteocyte biology.
  • To determine if l-BAIBA influences osteocyte survival under oxidative stress.
  • To explore the link between muscle metabolism and skeletal health.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cell culture models of osteocytes.
  • Exposed osteocytes to oxidative stress conditions.
  • Administered l-BAIBA to assess its protective effects.
  • Analyzed osteocyte viability and survival markers.

Main Results:

  • l-BAIBA significantly promoted osteocyte survival.
  • Osteocytes treated with l-BAIBA showed increased resistance to oxidative damage.
  • l-BAIBA acts as a protective metabolite for bone cells.

Conclusions:

  • l-BAIBA, a muscle-derived metabolite, is a key factor in osteocyte survival.
  • This study identifies a novel mechanism connecting muscle activity to skeletal health.
  • Targeting l-BAIBA pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for bone diseases.