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The geometric preference subtype in ASD: identifying a consistent, early-emerging phenomenon through eye tracking.

Adrienne Moore1, Madeline Wozniak1, Andrew Yousef1

  • 1Autism Center of Excellence, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA.

Molecular Autism
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Summary

Eye tracking can identify a specific autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subtype, the "GeoPref" subtype, characterized by a preference for geometric images and higher symptom severity. This diagnostic tool shows potential for early identification and personalized treatments in ASD.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderEarly identificationEye trackingGeometric preferenceSocial attention

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) presents significant phenotypic heterogeneity, necessitating tools to identify distinct subtypes.
  • Previous eye-tracking studies identified an ASD subgroup preferring geometric over social stimuli, correlating with greater symptom severity.
  • This study investigates if this preference generalizes across varying social stimuli complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the 'GeoPref test' using complex social stimuli for identifying ASD subtypes.
  • To assess the diagnostic utility of the 'Complex Social GeoPref test' in detecting ASD.
  • To explore the correlation between visual attention patterns and ASD symptom severity.

Main Methods:

  • Two hundred and twenty-seven toddlers (76 with ASD) viewed dynamic geometric and social images.
  • Eye-tracking measured visual fixation time and saccades.
  • Cognitive and social functioning were assessed using MSEL, ADOS, and VABS.

Main Results:

  • ASD toddlers showed a significant preference for geometric images compared to other groups.
  • A correlation was found between fixation patterns in both original and Complex Social GeoPref tests, confirming a meaningful ASD subgroup.
  • The combined GeoPref tests identified 35% of ASD toddlers as "GeoPref" subtype (94% specificity, AUC 0.75).

Conclusions:

  • Eye tracking accurately identifies a specific ASD "GeoPref" subtype with elevated symptom severity, irrespective of social image complexity.
  • The GeoPref tests demonstrate predictive value for ASD at the individual level.
  • These findings support the potential clinical applications of GeoPref tests for early identification, prognosis, and tailored treatments in ASD.