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Related Concept Videos

Decreasing Function01:27

Decreasing Function

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A decreasing function describes a relationship where the output consistently declines as the input increases. This means that for any two input values, if one is greater than the other, the corresponding output is smaller. Mathematically, a function f is decreasing on an interval I if for every x1 < x2​ in I, f (x1) > f (x2). This type of behavior is visually identified on a graph that slopes downward from left to right.The nature of a function can be analyzed by calculating...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
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Clostridium difficile toxins A and B decrease intestinal SLC26A3 protein expression.

Hayley Coffing1, Shubha Priyamvada1, Arivarasu N Anbazhagan1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
|March 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile toxins reduce DRA protein levels in intestinal cells, contributing to diarrhea in C. difficile infection (CDI). This downregulation of DRA, a key ion transporter, is a novel finding in CDI pathophysiology.

Keywords:
Clostridium difficileDRAchloride transporthuman CDItoxigenic mouse model

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea.
  • While C. difficile toxins A and B are key, the exact mechanisms of diarrhea are unclear.
  • Reduced electrolyte absorption due to decreased NHE3 and DRA is linked to diarrhea, but DRA's role in CDI was unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of C. difficile toxins TcdA and TcdB on DRA protein and mRNA levels in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs).
  • To determine if C. difficile toxins affect other intestinal transporters like NHE3 and PAT-1.
  • To assess DRA expression in a mouse model of CDI and in patients with recurrent CDI.

Main Methods:

  • Treated cultured IECs with TcdA and TcdB, then measured DRA, NHE3, and PAT-1 protein and mRNA levels.
  • Administered purified TcdA and TcdA + TcdB to a mouse model of CDI to assess colonic DRA protein.
  • Analyzed colonic DRA protein expression in patients with recurrent CDI.

Main Results:

  • TcdA and TcdB significantly reduced DRA protein levels in IECs, but not mRNA levels.
  • NHE3 and PAT-1 protein levels remained unaffected by TcdA and TcdB.
  • TcdA and TcdA + TcdB decreased colonic DRA protein in mice; patients with recurrent CDI showed reduced DRA protein expression.

Conclusions:

  • C. difficile toxins markedly downregulate intestinal DRA protein expression.
  • This downregulation of DRA may be a significant factor contributing to the diarrhea seen in CDI.
  • The findings highlight a novel mechanism in CDI pathophysiology involving the regulation of intestinal ion transporters.