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Related Concept Videos

Voltage01:13

Voltage

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The movement of electrons in a conductor requires some form of energy or work, usually provided by an external force, like a battery. This force is called the electromotive force or voltage. The voltage between two points, referred to as points "a" and "b," in an electric circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from point "a" to point "b," and this relationship is expressed mathematically as
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Multiple Voltage Sources01:25

Multiple Voltage Sources

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Generally, a single battery is not enough to power some devices. In such cases, batteries can be combined in two ways: in series or in parallel.
In series, the positive terminal of one battery is connected to the negative terminal of another battery. Hence, the voltage of each battery is added to give the net voltage, which is increased because each battery boosts the electrons that enter it. The same current flows through each battery because they are connected in series.
Batteries are...
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Voltage Dividers01:14

Voltage Dividers

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In electrical circuits, resistors can be connected in series, sequentially linked one after the other. In a series configuration, the same current flows through each resistor. Ohm's law is a fundamental principle to understand the behavior of resistors in series. It expresses the voltage across these resistors in terms of the current and resistance.
Kirchhoff's voltage law implies that the sum of the voltages across the resistors in series equals the source voltage. This means that the current...
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Three-Phase Voltages01:30

Three-Phase Voltages

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A three-phase generator produces three voltages that are equal in magnitude but have a phase difference of 120 degrees. This identical magnitude and equal phase separated voltages are known as the balanced voltages and help to minimize power loss while ensuring a steady delivery of energy to connected loads. As voltage sources in a three-phase system can be configured in a wye or a delta formation, the loads connected to these systems can also be arranged in either configuration. This...
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources01:11

Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources

2.0K
Nodal analysis is a remarkably effective method used in electrical engineering to simplify the analysis of complex circuits, including those with dependent or independent voltage sources. Its strength lies in its systematic approach to breaking down circuits into manageable components, making it easier for engineers to understand and solve.
Consider a circuit that contains four resistors and two voltage sources, as shown in Figure 1. One of these voltage sources is connected between a...
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Rapid Manufacturing of Thin Soft Pneumatic Actuators and Robots
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Rapid Manufacturing of Thin Soft Pneumatic Actuators and Robots

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Low-voltage-driven soft actuators.

Onnuri Kim1, Seung Jae Kim, Moon Jeong Park

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 790-784, Korea. moonpark@postech.ac.kr.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|April 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators offer low-voltage, cost-effective solutions for soft robotics. This review highlights recent advancements, challenges, and future directions for EAP applications in artificial muscles and soft robots.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Robotics
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Soft robots require advanced actuators for lightweight, compact, and cost-effective designs.
  • Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are promising materials for soft robotic actuators due to their unique properties.
  • Ionic EAP actuators are particularly attractive for low-voltage applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of recent progress in electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators.
  • To focus on low-voltage operation of EAP actuators.
  • To discuss challenges and future strategies for EAP applications in soft robotics and artificial muscles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in EAP actuators.
  • Analysis of EAP actuator performance, focusing on low-voltage characteristics.
  • Discussion of fabrication methods and material properties.

Main Results:

  • Ionic EAP actuators demonstrate significant potential due to low driving voltages (<3 V).
  • EAPs offer advantages like lightweight, compactness, and ease of fabrication.
  • Recent progress shows increasing applicability in artificial muscles and soft robot technologies.

Conclusions:

  • EAP actuators, especially ionic types, are key components for future soft robots.
  • Addressing current challenges will enhance the wide applicability of EAPs.
  • Future strategies should focus on optimizing performance for artificial muscles and innovative soft robot designs.