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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Generation of Heterogeneous Drug Gradients Across Cancer Populations on a Microfluidic Evolution Accelerator for Real-Time Observation
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Cancer: a CINful evolution.

Altea Targa1, Giulia Rancati2

  • 1Institute of Medical Biology (IMB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|April 7, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer evolves through genetic changes and chromosome instability (CIN). Aneuploidy and CIN drive tumor evolution by creating genetic diversity and promoting cancer progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Cancer is recognized as an evolutionary process characterized by intratumor heterogeneity.
  • Intratumor heterogeneity, arising from distinct cell populations, correlates with poor prognosis, therapy failure, and metastasis.
  • While nucleotide sequence variation is well-studied, aneuploidy and chromosome instability (CIN) are increasingly implicated in tumor evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the causes of aneuploidy and CIN.
  • To detail how aneuploidy and CIN provide phenotypic variation at the cellular level.
  • To discuss the role of aneuploidy and CIN in driving cancer progression and intratumor heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on aneuploidy, CIN, and cancer evolution.
  • Analysis of clinical and experimental observations linking aneuploidy and CIN to cancer progression.
  • Synthesis of evidence on how aneuploidy and CIN generate genetic and karyotypic instability.

Main Results:

  • Aneuploidy and CIN contribute significant phenotypic variation, fueling tumor evolution.
  • These chromosomal abnormalities can initiate a self-perpetuating cycle of genetic and karyotypic instability.
  • Evidence links aneuploidy and CIN to increased cancer progression and metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Aneuploidy and CIN are critical drivers of cancer evolution.
  • They generate genome instability and intratumor heterogeneity, impacting cancer progression.
  • Targeting aneuploidy and CIN may offer new therapeutic strategies.