Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.3K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
157.3K
Translation01:31

Translation

18.0K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
18.0K
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

14.1K
Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
14.1K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.2K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.2K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.8K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

15.0K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
15.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Effects of Writing Anxiety and Motivation on EFL College Students' Self-Evaluative Judgments of Corrective Feedback.

Psychological reports·2017
Same author

Self-Regulation in Language Learning.

Perceptual and motor skills·2017
Same author

EFFECTS OF L2 LEARNING ORIENTATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION INTENTIONS ON SELF-REGULATION.

Psychological reports·2015
Same author

Measuring intention in language learning: a confirmatory factor analysis.

Psychological reports·2011
Same journal

The Effect of Self-Compassion on Shame in Post-Event Processing.

Psychological reports·2026
Same journal

Tracking Rumination as a Stable Habit (TRASH); Scale Modification and Convergent Validity in a Clinical Sample of Youth With a History of Depression.

Psychological reports·2026
Same journal

Prompting to Practice: Daily Practice Mediates the Benefits of Supplement to a Mindfulness-Based Intervention.

Psychological reports·2026
Same journal

Continued Influence Effect: A Three-Dimensional Framework Shaping Practical and Theoretical Perspectives.

Psychological reports·2026
Same journal

ADHD Symptoms, Interpersonal Functioning, and Sexual Orientation in Undergraduate Adults.

Psychological reports·2026
Same journal

Emotion Regulation, Impulsivity, and Cluster B Personality Disorders.

Psychological reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures
09:12

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Published on: August 10, 2017

8.0K

Validating Translation Test Items via the Many-Facet Rasch Model.

Wen-Ta Tseng1, Tzi-Ying Su2, John-Michael L Nix3

  • 1Department of Applied Foreign Languages, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan.

Psychological Reports
|April 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study used the many-facet Rasch model to evaluate Chinese-to-English translation ability and rater severity. The model successfully identified and accounted for differences between novice and expert raters in translation testing.

Keywords:
Translation testmany-facet Rasch modelrater bias

More Related Videos

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model
05:37

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

Published on: September 16, 2022

2.6K
Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

11.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures
09:12

Facet-to-facet Linking of Shape-anisotropic Colloidal Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanostructures

Published on: August 10, 2017

8.0K
An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model
05:37

An R-Based Landscape Validation of a Competing Risk Model

Published on: September 16, 2022

2.6K
Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment
10:24

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

11.1K

Area of Science:

  • Educational Measurement
  • Second Language Acquisition
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Assessing translation ability, particularly in English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts, presents challenges in ensuring rating consistency.
  • Existing research has limited focus on detecting and calibrating rater severity within translation testing.
  • Subjectively scored assessments require robust validation to ensure reliability and fairness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply the many-facet Rasch model (MFRM) to validate a Chinese-to-English sentence translation test.
  • To model and analyze rater severity, including leniency/harshness and expert/novice effects.
  • To investigate the impact of rater characteristics on item difficulty in translation assessment.

Main Methods:

  • The many-facet Rasch model (MFRM) was employed to analyze data from a Chinese-to-English translation test.
  • Participants included 225 Taiwanese senior high school students and 6 educators.
  • The test comprised 10 translation items adapted from entrance examinations.

Main Results:

  • The translation assessment demonstrated strong unidimensionality, indicating reliable measurement of translation ability.
  • The MFRM successfully identified and modeled discrepancies in scoring severity between novice and expert raters.
  • Rater severity and its effects on item difficulty were effectively calibrated.

Conclusions:

  • The many-facet Rasch model is a valuable tool for validating translation tests and understanding rater behavior.
  • The study highlights the importance of accounting for rater effects in subjective language assessments.
  • Findings have implications for improving the quality and fairness of tertiary-level translation testing.