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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

Published on: November 14, 2019

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Circular RNA: New Regulatory Molecules.

E A Belousova1, M L Filipenko1, N E Kushlinskii2

  • 1Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
|April 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Circular RNAs are stable RNA molecules with unique regulatory functions. Their tissue-specific expression and disease associations suggest potential as diagnostic biomarkers.

Keywords:
circular RNAdeposition of minor interfering RNA depotdiagnosisgene expressionnoncanonical alternative splicing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are formed from pre-mRNA via splicing.
  • Their biological functions are under active investigation, with a focus on microRNA interaction and regulatory roles.
  • circRNAs possess unique properties like stability and high expression levels compared to linear RNAs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the characteristics and biological functions of circular RNAs.
  • To investigate the potential of circular RNAs as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of circular RNA formation through canonical and noncanonical splicing.
  • Investigation of cis- and trans-element regulation in circRNA maturation.
  • Assessment of circRNA interactions with microRNAs.
  • Evaluation of tissue-specific expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Circular RNAs exhibit stability and resistance to exonucleases, offering advantages over linear RNAs.
  • They function as microRNA sponges and regulatory elements.
  • Tissue-specific expression patterns were observed.
  • Correlations between altered circRNA expression and disease development were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Circular RNAs are versatile molecules with significant biological roles.
  • Their stability, specificity, and disease associations highlight their potential as novel biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy response evaluation.