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Related Concept Videos

Conservation of Energy in Control Volume01:14

Conservation of Energy in Control Volume

1.1K
Consider a turbine operating under steady-flow conditions. The control volume is drawn around the turbine, with fluid entering at one point and exiting at another. The turbine extracts energy from the fluid, which performs mechanical work (shaft work).
For steady flow systems, the time derivative of the stored energy becomes zero since there is no energy accumulation within the control volume. This simplifies the energy equation to:
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Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

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Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...
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Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes02:49

Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes

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The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. Since free energy is a state function, its value depends only on the conditions of the initial and final states of the system. A convenient and common approach to the calculation of free energy changes for physical and chemical reactions is by use of widely available compilations of standard state thermodynamic data. One method involves the...
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What is Energy?04:10

What is Energy?

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The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.  The different forms of energy on Earth originate from the Sun — the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun, and, via the process of photosynthesis, convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy from plants can be harnessed in many ways. For example, eating plant products as food provides energy for our body to function, and burning wood or coal (fossilized...
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Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

52.2K
Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break...
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Energy Basics02:27

Energy Basics

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Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.
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Ising-like Models with Energy-Volume Coupling.

Claudio A Cerdeiriña1, H Eugene Stanley2

  • 1Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Vigo-Campus del Agua, Ourense 32004, Spain.

Physical Review Letters
|April 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Compressible cell models exhibit Ising-like behavior, explaining liquid-liquid and solid-solid phase transitions driven by molecular interactions. Mean-field solutions offer insights into the equation of state for liquid water.

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A Uniaxial Compression Experiment with CO2-Bearing Coal Using a Visualized and Constant-Volume Gas-Solid Coupling Test System
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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Phase transitions in liquids and solids are crucial phenomena.
  • Understanding the origins of liquid-liquid and solid-solid transitions is complex.
  • Intermolecular potentials play a key role in material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a compressible cell model.
  • To investigate phase transitions using this model.
  • To explore connections between short-range intermolecular forces and macroscopic phase behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Modeling regular assemblies of singly occupied cells with variable volumes.
  • Incorporating nearest-neighbor interaction energies.
  • Applying mean-field theory to analyze the model.

Main Results:

  • The compressible cell model demonstrates Ising-like behavior.
  • The model successfully reproduces liquid-liquid and isostructural solid-solid phase transitions.
  • Phase transitions are shown to originate from short-range intermolecular potential features.
  • Mean-field solutions suggest an analytical form for the equation of state of liquid water.

Conclusions:

  • Compressible cell models are effective Ising-like prototypes for complex phase transitions.
  • Short-range intermolecular interactions are fundamental to understanding these transitions.
  • The study provides a theoretical framework and potential insights into the behavior of liquid water.