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Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine

Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine

Published on: June 24, 2019

Idleness versus busyness.

Adelle X Yang¹, Christopher K Hsee²

¹Department of Marketing, National University of Singapore, 15 Kent Ridge Dr, 119245 Singapore, Singapore.

Current Opinion in Psychology

|April 30, 2018

Summary

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Time perception is subjective and influenced by how individuals spend their time.
Idleness and busyness significantly impact psychological states and temporal experiences.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize research on the psychological effects of time consumption, focusing on idleness and busyness.
To explore the underlying motivations for human activities, particularly the pursuit of meaning.

Main Methods:

Literature synthesis of psychological research on time perception and activity engagement.
Theoretical exploration of the relationship between goals, activities, and the pursuit of meaning.

Main Results:

The way time is used affects how it is perceived and the resulting psychological outcomes.
Human activities may be driven by a desire to avoid unproductive time and find meaning, rather than solely by goal pursuit.

Conclusions:

Perceptions of time and psychological well-being are closely linked to the subjective experience of busyness or idleness.
A reverse causality is proposed: individuals engage in activities to pursue goals, suggesting goals serve the purpose of facilitating meaningful activity.