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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Functional Cloning Using a Xenopus Oocyte Expression System
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Melatonin attenuates postovulatory oocyte dysfunction by regulating SIRT1 expression.

Qingling Yang1,2, Shanjun Dai1,2, Xiaoyan Luo1,2

  • 1Reproductive Medical CenterFirst Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)
|May 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Melatonin delays aging in mouse oocytes by preserving mitochondrial function and reducing errors. This effect is mediated through the SIRT1-MnSOD pathway, offering potential applications in assisted reproduction.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Cellular Aging
  • Mitochondrial Dynamics

Background:

  • Postovulatory oocyte aging leads to quality decline and developmental issues.
  • Melatonin's anti-aging properties are known, but its mechanism in oocyte aging is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the protective effects of melatonin on aged mouse oocytes.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying melatonin's action, focusing on sirtuins.

Main Methods:

  • Mouse model used to study oocyte aging.
  • Oocytes were cultured with or without melatonin (10⁻³ M).
  • Mitochondrial function, meiotic errors, apoptosis, and sirtuin (SIRT1-3) expression were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Oocyte aging increased reactive oxygen species, impaired mitochondrial function, and caused meiotic errors.
  • Melatonin supplementation prevented these aging-associated defects.
  • Melatonin upregulated SIRT1 and MnSOD expression, an effect dependent on SIRT1 activity.

Conclusions:

  • Melatonin delays postovulatory oocyte aging in mice.
  • The protective mechanism involves the SIRT1-MnSOD pathway.
  • Findings support melatonin's potential use in assisted reproductive technologies.