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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Using Synthetic Biology to Engineer Living Cells That Interface with Programmable Materials
Published on: March 9, 2017
Keith C Heyde1, Warren C Ruder2,3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Scientists engineered E. coli bacteria to produce biotin, controlling biomaterial surface properties. This breakthrough enables novel strategies for surface assembly and modification using engineered cells.
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