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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Structures of Solids02:22

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Flexible Nb₄N5/rGO Electrode for High-Performance Solid State Supercapacitors.

Chao Huang1, Yuan Yang1, Jijiang Fu1

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Flexible supercapacitors (SCs) offer safety and power for wearable electronics. Niobium nitride (Nb4N5) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films demonstrate excellent flexibility and stability for advanced electronic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Flexible supercapacitors (SCs) are crucial for wearable electronics due to their safety, foldability, and high power density.
  • Developing advanced electrode materials is key to enhancing SC performance for elastic and clothing-integrated devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate flexible multilayered films of mesoporous niobium nitride (Nb4N5) nanobelts and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and cycling stability of these Nb4N5/rGO electrodes and supercapacitor devices.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of multilayered Nb4N5/rGO films.
  • Electrode characterization including areal capacitance and cycling stability tests.
  • Assembly and testing of flexible SC devices using PVA/H2SO4 gel electrolyte.

Main Results:

  • The Nb4N5/rGO film electrode achieved an areal capacitance of 141 mF cm⁻² with 90% capacitance retention after 6,000 cycles.
  • Flexible SC devices demonstrated a volumetric capacitance of 19 F cm⁻³, energy density of 0.98 mW h cm⁻³, and power density of 0.029 W cm⁻³.
  • The SC devices exhibited excellent cycling stability, retaining 89% capacitance after 4,000 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Nb4N5/rGO flexible electrodes and SCs show significant potential for wearable electronics.
  • This work provides a promising platform for next-generation flexible and elastic electronic devices.
  • The combination of Nb4N5 nanobelts and rGO nanosheets offers a viable strategy for high-performance flexible energy storage.