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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

Published on: July 19, 2017

Does increased effort compensate for performance debilitating test anxiety?

David W Putwain¹, Wendy Symes²

¹School of Education, Liverpool John Moores University.

School Psychology Quarterly : the Official Journal of the Division of School Psychology, American Psychological Association

|May 25, 2018

Summary

Increased effort can protect academic performance from the physical symptoms of test anxiety, but not from worry. This finding suggests compensatory effort mitigates some, but not all, negative impacts of test anxiety on exams.

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Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

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Published on: July 19, 2017

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Published on: May 17, 2011

The Successive Alleys Test of Anxiety in Mice and Rats

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Published on: June 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Psychology
Educational Psychology
Cognitive Psychology

Background:

Test anxiety is known to negatively impact academic performance.
Attentional Control Theory provides a framework for understanding cognitive processes during demanding tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if increased effort can mitigate the detrimental effects of test anxiety on examination performance.
To explore the moderating role of effort in the relationship between test anxiety components and academic outcomes.

Main Methods:

466 secondary school students completed self-report measures of test anxiety and effort.
Data were correlated with performance on a high-stakes examination.

Main Results:

Both worry and bodily symptoms of test anxiety were negatively associated with examination performance.
Effort was positively related to examination performance.
Effort moderated the negative impact of bodily symptoms, attenuating the relationship at high effort levels.

Conclusions:

Compensatory effort can protect examination performance against the bodily symptoms of test anxiety.
Effort does not appear to protect performance against the worry component of test anxiety, possibly due to high cognitive load.
Findings support the application of Attentional Control Theory in understanding test anxiety and performance.