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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Resistors In Series01:10

Resistors In Series

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A resistor is an ohmic device that limits the flow of charge in a circuit. Most circuits have more than one resistor. If several resistors are connected together and connected to a battery, the current supplied by the battery depends on the equivalent resistance of the circuit. The equivalent resistance of a combination of resistors depends on both their individual values and how they are connected. The simplest combination of resistors is the series combination. 
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Series Resonance01:17

Series Resonance

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The RLC circuit impedance is defined as the ratio of the supply voltage to the circuit current. Resonance in such a circuit occurs when the imaginary part of this impedance equals zero. This specific condition means that the inductive reactance is exactly equal to the capacitive reactance. The frequency at which this happens is known as the resonant frequency. Mathematically, the resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the inductance (L) and capacitance...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Robotic-Guided Stereoelectroencephalography for Invasive Epilepsy Monitoring
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Language mapping using electrocorticography versus stereoelectroencephalography: A case series.

James J Young1, Kelly Coulehan1, Madeline C Fields1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B
|May 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) offers a safer alternative for language mapping during epilepsy surgery compared to electrocorticography (ECOG). SEEG mapping effectively identified critical language areas, preventing deficits after resection in patients.

Keywords:
Case seriesDirect electrical stimulationElectrocorticographyLanguage mappingStereoelectroencephalogaphy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Epileptology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Direct electrical stimulation (DES) is crucial for identifying language areas before epilepsy surgery.
  • Electrocorticography (ECOG) is the standard for extraoperative language mapping.
  • Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) offers a better safety profile, prompting investigation into its efficacy for language mapping.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of SEEG for language mapping in epilepsy surgery.
  • To compare SEEG-based language mapping with traditional ECOG methods.
  • To assess the risk of persistent language deficits following SEEG-guided resections.

Main Methods:

  • A case series of fifteen patients undergoing epilepsy surgery.
  • Language mapping performed using ECOG, SEEG, or both modalities.
  • Analysis of language outcomes in patients undergoing resection or ablation guided by SEEG mapping.

Main Results:

  • Nine patients underwent language mapping using SEEG.
  • Six SEEG-mapped patients had resective or ablative surgery without persistent language deficits.
  • No significant difference in language deficits was observed between SEEG and ECOG groups.

Conclusions:

  • Language mapping using SEEG is a clinically effective alternative to ECOG.
  • SEEG-guided epilepsy surgery can be performed safely with respect to language function.
  • Further research is warranted to optimize SEEG for comprehensive language mapping.