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Related Concept Videos

Accelerators01:17

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Accelerators in concrete serve as admixtures to speed up the hardening process, enabling the concrete to achieve early strength faster. Although accelerators do not necessarily impact the time it takes concrete to set, they reduce this time in practice. A common accelerator is calcium chloride, which is particularly useful for hastening early strength development in cold weather or for rapid repair jobs that require quick heat generation after mixing.
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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Continuous Blood Sampling in Small Animal Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Enables the Measurement of the Arterial Input Function
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Acceleration techniques and their impact on arterial input function sampling: Non-accelerated versus view-sharing and

Matthias R Benz1, Georg Bongartz1, Johannes M Froehlich2

  • 1Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

European Journal of Radiology
|June 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI acceleration techniques show variable arterial input function (AIF) quantification. Time-resolved imaging with stochastic trajectories (TWIST) exhibits the highest variation, potentially limiting reproducible AIF analysis.

Keywords:
Acceleration techniquesArterial input functionDynamic contrast enhancedMagnetic resonance imagingVariation

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Background:

  • Accurate quantification of the arterial input function (AIF) is crucial for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) analysis.
  • Various DCE-MRI sequences and acceleration techniques may influence AIF reproducibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the variability of the arterial input function (AIF) within and between different DCE-MRI sequences.
  • To assess the impact of parallel imaging acceleration on AIF quantification.

Main Methods:

  • A dynamic flow phantom and steady signal reference were scanned using multiple DCE-MRI sequences on a 3T MRI scanner.
  • Sequences included fast low angle shot (FLASH) 2D/3D, volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE), golden-angle radial sparse parallel imaging (GRASP), and time-resolved imaging with stochastic trajectories (TWIST).
  • Signal-over-time curves were normalized and analyzed using full width half maximum (FWHM) measurements to determine coefficient of variation (CV).

Main Results:

  • Non-accelerated gradient echo sequences (FLASH2D, FLASH3D, VIBE) demonstrated low within-sequence variation (1.0%-2.1%).
  • Maximum FWHM CVs were observed for TWIST (9.1% within-sequence, 28% between-sequence), indicating significant variability.
  • GRASP and accelerated VIBE sequences showed moderate within-sequence variation (2.7%-3.2%).

Conclusions:

  • MRI acceleration techniques differ in their reproducibility for AIF quantification.
  • TWIST, a view-sharing technique, demonstrated the highest variability and may be less suitable for reproducible AIF analysis.
  • Careful selection of DCE-MRI sequences and acceleration factors is necessary for reliable quantitative analysis.