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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry

Author Spotlight: Accelerating Discovery in Microporous Material Chemistry

Published on: October 6, 2023

High Throughput Discovery and Design of Strong Multicomponent Metallic Solid Solutions.

Francisco G Coury¹, Kester D Clarke¹, Claudio S Kiminami²

¹Center for Advanced Non-Ferrous Structural Alloys, George S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.

Scientific Reports

|June 7, 2018

Summary

A new Effective Atomic Radii for Strength (EARS) method predicts solid solution strengthening in High Entropy Alloys (HEAs). This approach enables the design of novel HEAs with superior strength and ductility for demanding applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgy
Computational Materials Science

Background:

High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) exhibit exceptional properties but are often discovered through inefficient trial-and-error methods.
Predicting solid solution strengthening is crucial for designing HEAs with enhanced mechanical performance.
Existing methodologies may not fully capture the complexities of multicomponent concentrated solid solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and validate the "Effective Atomic Radii for Strength" (EARS) methodology for predicting solid solution strengthening in HEAs.
To demonstrate the utility of EARS in conjunction with computational models for discovering novel HEA compositions.
To design and characterize a new HEA with significantly improved mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

Development and application of the Effective Atomic Radii for Strength (EARS) methodology.
Integration of EARS with semi-empirical and first-principle computational models.
Alloy design, synthesis, and characterization, focusing on yield strength and ductility.

Main Results:

The EARS methodology provides physically representative values for multicomponent concentrated solid solutions.
A novel Cr45Ni27.5Co27.5 alloy was designed, exhibiting over 50% greater yield strength than the strongest previously reported CrMnFeNiCo HEA, with comparable ductility.
The study validates the predictive power of EARS for designing high-performance HEAs.

Conclusions:

The EARS methodology offers a high-throughput, property-driven approach for the discovery and design of advanced High Entropy Alloys.
This approach accelerates the development of materials with unprecedented properties for extreme environments.
EARS represents a significant advancement in the rational design of HEAs.