Towards clinically translatable in vivo nanodiagnostics

Area of Science:

• Nanodiagnostics and nanobiotechnology for molecular-scale disease management.

Background:

• Nanodiagnostics are advancing towards clinical applications, requiring understanding of imaging, biological systems, and nanoscale interactions.
• Rational engineering of next-generation bionanomaterials is crucial for effective nanodiagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the physics of clinically relevant imaging modalities for nanodiagnostics.
• To provide an overview of materials used for *in vivo* nanodiagnostics.
• To assess the progress and challenges in clinical translation of nanodiagnostics.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of background physics of imaging modalities, including sensitivity and specificity.
• Overview of current materials for *in vivo* nanodiagnostics.
• Assessment of clinical translation progress and challenges.

Main Results:

• The review analyzes imaging modalities, *in vivo* materials, and clinical translation.
• It provides a framework for understanding nanodiagnostics progress.
• Challenges for widespread clinical adoption are identified.

Conclusions:

• A comprehensive understanding of physics, materials, and clinical translation is necessary for nanodiagnostics.
• Significant progress has been made, but challenges remain for widespread clinical adoption.
• This review offers a framework for future development in nanodiagnostics.