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Classifying Matter by State02:49

Classifying Matter by State

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
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The substance of the universe—from a grain of sand to a star—is called matter. Scientists define matter as anything that occupies space and has mass. An object’s mass and its weight are related concepts, but not quite the same. An object’s mass is the amount of matter contained in the object and is the same whether that object is on Earth or in the zero-gravity environment of outer space. An object’s weight, on the other hand, is its mass as affected by the pull of...
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The Atomic Theory of Matter02:59

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The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter was composed of small, finite particles that they called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Later, Aristotle and others came to the conclusion that matter consisted of various combinations of the four “elements” — fire, earth, air, and water — and could be infinitely divided. Interestingly, these philosophers...
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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neural Circuits During Monitoring Sleep/wakefulness States in Mice
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Stellar Wakes from Dark Matter Subhalos.

Malte Buschmann1,2, Joachim Kopp2, Benjamin R Safdi1

  • 1Leinweber Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|June 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new way to find small dark matter substructures in the Milky Way

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Cosmology
  • Dark Matter Physics

Background:

  • The Milky Way's dark matter halo is thought to contain numerous low-mass substructures.
  • Detecting these substructures is crucial for understanding dark matter properties and formation models.
  • Current detection methods have limitations in sensitivity to very low-mass subhalos.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel method for detecting low-mass dark matter substructures.
  • To probe substructures by analyzing stellar kinematic data and their phase-space distributions.
  • To estimate the sensitivity of the proposed method to subhalo masses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing stellar kinematic data to probe characteristic wakes left by passing dark matter subhalos.
  • Developing an analytic formalism to describe perturbed stellar phase-space distributions.
  • Employing idealized simulations with a likelihood framework to demonstrate detection capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method can detect dark matter subhalos with masses as low as approximately 10^7 solar masses.
  • The technique leverages the gravitational influence of subhalos on the motion of halo stars.
  • Simulations confirm the ability to detect subhalos using the phase-space model.

Conclusions:

  • This novel method offers a complementary approach to existing techniques for finding low-mass subhalos.
  • Successful detection of low-mass subhalos would provide critical constraints for dark matter and cosmological models.
  • The method allows for the localization of subhalos' positions and velocities.