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Composition of Blood Plasma01:24

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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
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The plasma membrane is an essential cellular structure responsible for maintaining cellular integrity and regulating the selective transport of molecules. While bacteria and archaea share the fundamental function of plasma membranes, their structural and molecular differences reflect adaptations to distinct ecological and physiological challenges.Bacterial Plasma MembranesBacterial plasma membranes are predominantly composed of phospholipids with fatty acid chains ester-linked to a glycerol...
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Drug Distribution: Plasma Protein Binding01:29

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Drugs predominantly attach to plasma proteins, with only a small percentage remaining unbound. The unbound portion can be calculated as one minus the bound fraction. Acidic drugs form large, inactive complexes by reversibly binding to plasma albumin, which prevents them from diffusing across biological barriers. These drug-protein complexes act as reservoirs for the drugs. As the concentration of unbound drugs decreases, these complexes quickly dissociate to release the free drug, maintaining...
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The human body utilizes protein buffer systems to maintain a stable pH. These systems capitalize on the dual role of amino acids, which can act as acids or bases by accepting or releasing hydrogen ions in response to pH changes. Protein buffer systems are particularly significant in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) of active cells, where structural and functional proteins provide substantial buffering capacity.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Saturated Fatty Acids Induce Ceramide-associated Macrophage Cell Death
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Plasma Ceramides.

Jeffrey W Meeusen1, Leslie J Donato1, Sandra C Bryant2

  • 1From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.W.M., L.J.D., L.M.B., A.S.J.).

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
|June 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elevated plasma ceramides, including Cer(16:0), Cer(18:0), Cer(24:1), and Cer(24:0), predict major adverse cardiovascular events. These sphingolipids are independent risk factors for cardiovascular mortality.

Keywords:
atherosclerosischemistryheart diseaseshumanslaboratoriesmetabolomicsrisk

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Biochemistry
  • Lipid Metabolism

Background:

  • Ceramides are sphingolipids crucial for cellular signaling.
  • Accumulation of ceramides in tissues and plasma is linked to metabolic dysfunction, dyslipidemia, and inflammation.
  • Elevated ceramide levels are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive value of plasma concentrations of four specific ceramides for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
  • To assess ceramides [N-palmitoyl-sphingosine (Cer(16:0)), N-stearoyl-sphingosine (Cer(18:0)), N-nervonoyl-sphingosine (Cer(24:1)), and N-lignoceroyl-sphingosine (Cer(24:0))] in predicting cardiovascular outcomes.
  • To determine if ceramides predict MACE in patients undergoing coronary angiography, independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • Plasma ceramides were quantified in 495 participants prior to non-urgent coronary angiography.
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as >50% stenosis in at least one coronary artery.
  • Patients were followed for 4 years, with MACE defined as myocardial infarction, percutaneous intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery, stroke, or death.

Main Results:

  • Ceramides were not significantly associated with the presence of coronary artery disease.
  • Elevated plasma concentrations of Cer(16:0), Cer(18:0), Cer(24:1), and a combined ceramide risk score were significant predictors of MACE.
  • Hazard ratios per standard deviation increase ranged from 1.42 to 1.58, indicating a substantial increase in risk after adjusting for multiple confounders.

Conclusions:

  • Plasma ceramides are independently associated with major adverse cardiovascular events.
  • These findings highlight the prognostic value of specific ceramides in cardiovascular risk assessment, irrespective of diagnosed coronary artery disease.
  • Ceramide levels may serve as a novel biomarker for predicting cardiovascular mortality.