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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Support reactions in three dimensions help maintain the stability and equilibrium of various structures and systems. These reactions prevent the system from translating and rotating, ensuring the design can withstand external forces and perform its intended function efficiently and safely. Some of the supports providing support reactions in three dimensions are discussed below:
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Preparation of Liquid-exfoliated Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets with Controlled Size and Thickness: A State of the Art Protocol
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Gardner Transition in Physical Dimensions.

C L Hicks1, M J Wheatley1, M J Godfrey1

  • 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|June 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Gardner transition, separating stable and marginally stable glass phases, may be an artifact in some systems. In quasi-1D disk systems, features resembling this transition are linked to cage escapes, suggesting an avoided transition with large correlation lengths.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Disordered systems

Background:

  • The Gardner transition, at the mean-field level, distinguishes stable glass phases from marginally stable ones.
  • This transition shares characteristics with the de Almeida-Thouless transition observed in spin glasses.
  • Disks in a narrow channel exhibit behaviors often linked to the Gardner transition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of the Gardner transition in a quasi-1D system of disks.
  • To determine if observed features are true indicators of the Gardner transition or artifacts.
  • To explore the correlation length at this transition.

Main Methods:

  • Simulation of disks confined to a narrow channel.
  • Analysis of particle dynamics and cage escape events during density quenches.
  • Examination of correlation length scaling.

Main Results:

  • Observed features previously associated with the Gardner transition were identified as artifacts of disk cage escapes during high-density quenches.
  • Evidence suggests the Gardner transition is avoided in this system.
  • A significant correlation length, approximately 15 particle diameters, was measured even in the quasi-1D system.

Conclusions:

  • The Gardner transition may not manifest as a true phase transition in all systems, with some features being artifacts.
  • Cage escape dynamics play a crucial role in the observed phenomena.
  • The study highlights the complexity of glass transitions and the importance of system dimensionality.