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An allyl group is a three-carbon conjugated system where the sp³-hybridized allylic carbon is bonded to a CH=CH2 group via a single bond. Allyl anions can be obtained by treating propene with a strong base that can deprotonate methyl groups. Allyl cations are formed as intermediates during substitution reactions involving allylic halides. In both cases, the hybridization of the allylic carbon changes from sp3 to sp2, giving rise to a carbon chain with three sp2-hybridized carbons, each with...
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Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
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Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump
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Anionic and cationic drug sorption on interpolyelectrolyte complexes.

C R M de Lima1, D N Gomes1, J R de Morais Filho1

  • 1Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil.

Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces
|June 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chitosan-based interpolyelectrolyte complexes were developed as drug sorbents. These particles effectively adsorbed charged drugs, with adsorption mechanisms depending on particle charge and drug type.

Keywords:
ChitosanCromoglycateDrug upload/releaseInterpolyelectrolyte complexPoly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)Tetracycline

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) offer tunable properties for various applications.
  • Chitosan and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) [NaPSS] are biocompatible polymers with potential for complex formation.
  • Developing efficient drug sorbents is crucial for purification and controlled release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize chitosan/NaPSS IPECs with varying charge properties.
  • To evaluate the potential of these IPECs as sorbents for differently charged drugs.
  • To elucidate the adsorption mechanisms and kinetics of drug sorption onto the IPECs.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of IPECs with specific sulfonate to aminium molar ratios (0.7 and 1.4) yielding positively (IPEC+) and negatively (IPEC-) charged particles.
  • Characterization of drug sorption using sodium cromoglycate (anionic) and tetracycline hydrochloride (cationic).
  • Analysis of adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Redlich-Peterson) and kinetics, complemented by zeta potential measurements.

Main Results:

  • IPEC+ demonstrated Langmuir-type adsorption for both cromoglycate and tetracycline.
  • IPEC- showed Redlich-Peterson adsorption for tetracycline, with no significant sorption of cromoglycate.
  • Sorption kinetics involved fast surface interactions and slower diffusion/rearrangement processes.

Conclusions:

  • Chitosan/NaPSS IPECs can be tailored for selective drug sorption based on charge.
  • Adsorption mechanisms involve surface interactions and internal diffusion/rearrangement.
  • Zeta potential monitoring provides insights into drug uptake and adsorption mechanisms.