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Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Facilitated Transport01:19

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging
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Viral Nanoparticles for In vivo Tumor Imaging

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Nanoparticle transport pathways into tumors.

S M Moghimi1,2,3, D Simberg3

  • 11School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, King George VI Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU UK.

Journal of Nanoparticle Research : an Interdisciplinary Forum for Nanoscale Science and Technology
|June 29, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored nanoparticle transport into solid tumors via interendothelial and transendothelial pathways. Understanding these routes is key to improving anti-cancer nanopharmaceutical delivery and efficacy.

Keywords:
Interendothelial transportNanomedicineNanoparticleNanoparticle accumulation in tumorsSolid tumorsTransendothelial transport

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Tumor Biology
  • Pharmacokinetics

Background:

  • Two primary pathways, interendothelial and transendothelial routes, are hypothesized for nanoparticle extravasation into solid tumors.
  • Effective delivery of nanopharmaceuticals to tumors is crucial for cancer therapy.
  • Current understanding of nanoparticle transport mechanisms requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine existing evidence for interendothelial and transendothelial nanoparticle transport pathways into tumors.
  • To propose novel approaches for re-evaluating these proposed transport mechanisms.
  • To enhance the understanding of nanoparticle extravasation for improved anti-cancer nanopharmaceutical design.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing scientific literature on nanoparticle transport in solid tumors.
  • Discussion of experimental evidence supporting proposed transport routes.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supporting both interendothelial and transendothelial nanoparticle transport pathways was evaluated.
  • The integrative mechanisms governing nanoparticle extravasation remain incompletely understood.
  • Further research is needed to delineate the precise roles of each pathway.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of nanoparticle transport pathways is essential for optimizing anti-cancer nanomedicine.
  • Re-evaluation of existing transport models may reveal new strategies for drug delivery.
  • Improved nanoparticle extravasation control can lead to enhanced therapeutic outcomes in oncology.