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Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
Published on: July 3, 2025
Label-free tracking of nanosized graphene oxide cellular uptake by confocal Raman microscopy
Marianna Eliášová Sohová1, Michal Bodík, Peter Siffalovic
1Faculty of Mathematics Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina F1, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia.
Abstract:
Graphene oxide (GO), a partially oxidized two-dimensional allotrope of carbon, is an attractive nanocarrier for cancer diagnostics and therapy. The nanometer-sized GO is known to permeate cell membranes. Herein we studied the cellular uptake pathways of GO nanoflakes by cancer and non-cancerous cell lines. By employing confocal Raman imaging, we were able to track the GO cellular uptake in living cells (C33 and MDCK) without any additional fluorescent or plasmonic labels. This specific progress in label-free Raman imaging of GO facilitates the monitoring of nanoflakes at the cellular level.
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