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Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Acid Strength and Molecular Structure

Binary Acids and Bases
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...

Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Relation Between Tensile Strength and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Concrete is a fundamental building material, and understanding its strengths is crucial for construction projects. The relationship between its tensile and compressive strengths is intricate, showing that while these strengths are related, they do not increase at the same rate. Tensile strength's growth is slower and is affected by various factors such as the methods used for testing, the size and shape of the specimen, the texture of the aggregate used, and the moisture content of the...

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

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The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:

Strength and Heat of Hydration

Strength and Heat of Hydration

The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...

Fatigue Strength of Concrete

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Fatigue, in the context of materials science and engineering, refers to the weakening or failure of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads, even if these loads are below the strength limit of the material. Fatigue strength in concrete is a critical property that influences its durability and longevity. Concrete can fail in two ways due to fatigue. Static fatigue or creep rupture occurs under a constant load or one that increases slowly. The other failure mode is due to cyclical or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

Published on: August 25, 2019

Aneuploidy: Cancer strength or vulnerability?

Giorgia Simonetti¹, Samantha Bruno¹, Antonella Padella¹

¹Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna and Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", Bologna, Italy.

International Journal of Cancer

|July 8, 2018

Summary

Aneuploidy, or abnormal chromosome number, is linked to cancer and spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) gene alterations. SAC gene overexpression correlates with poor prognosis and drives tumor development, offering potential therapeutic targets.

Keywords:

aneuploidy cancer therapy carcinogenesis spindle assembly checkpoint

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Semiconductor Sequencing for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Genetics
Oncology

Background:

Aneuploidy, abnormal chromosome number, is rare in normal cells but common in aging disorders and cancer.
Aneuploidy is linked to spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects, yet its role in tumor susceptibility is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To review SAC gene alterations in human cancers.
To discuss the dual oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles of aneuploidy.
To explore the relationship between SAC genes, aneuploidy, and cancer development.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive review of genomic and transcriptional alterations of SAC genes across human cancers.
Analysis of oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions of aneuploidy.
Discussion of factors influencing aneuploidy fate and cancer progression.

Main Results:

SAC genes are rarely mutated but frequently overexpressed, negatively impacting prognosis.
Altered SAC gene expression (both increased and decreased) demonstrates oncogenic potential in mice.
Upregulated SAC genes may promote aneuploidization and tumorigenesis via mitotic delay and other oncogenic functions.

Conclusions:

Aneuploidy presents a complex role in cancer, reducing fitness but conferring adaptive advantages like genome instability and immune escape.
SAC gene alterations, particularly overexpression, are significant in cancer prognosis and tumorigenesis.
Targeting aneuploidy-related vulnerabilities, including CIN and mitotic defects, shows therapeutic promise.