Acoustic Analog Front End for Proton Range Detection in Hadron Therapy

Clinical ions beams for cancer treatment provide maximum energy deposition (Bragg peak (BP)) at the end of their range and practically no dose behind. This enables a more efficient therapeutic option comparing with classical photon-based radiotherapy where maximum energy is deposited at the body interface. Obviously, minimum-error BP detection is, thus, a key aspect of this treatment. This paper investigates a promising detection technique, based on the so-called ionoacoustic effect. The BP energy deposition causes a small (millikelvin) heating of the surrounding volume that in turn induces a pressure variation. This generates a sound signal that can be detected by an acoustic sensor placed at a certain distance from the BP point. Thus, the sound time-of-flight measure aims, with sound speed, to detect the BP position with very high accuracy (<1 mm). This paper presents the results of a complete cross-domain model that starting from proton beam energy provides the induced pressure variation in water, emulates the propagation of sound waves in the medium, and finally, returns a voltage signal whose time evolution determines BP position with an average deviation from effective position of 1% accuracy.