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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

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When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

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Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
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Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
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Updated: Sep 13, 2025

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
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Proton Range Measurement Precision in Ionoacoustic Experiments with Wavelet-Based Denoising Algorithm.

Elia Arturo Vallicelli1, Andrea Baschirotto1, Lorenzo Stevenazzi1

  • 1Department of Physics, University and INFN Section of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 30, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new wavelet transform denoising algorithm (WTDA) enhances ionoacoustic signal quality and proton range precision. This advancement reduces radiation dose for precise beam monitoring in cancer therapy.

Keywords:
circuits and systems for biomedical applicationsradiation therapyultrasound sensors

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Signal Processing
  • Oncological Hadron Therapy

Background:

  • Ionoacoustic detectors use ultrasound from proton beams for sub-millimeter energy deposition localization.
  • Precise beam monitoring is crucial for oncological hadron therapy treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a wavelet transform denoising algorithm (WTDA) for improving ionoacoustic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and proton range measurement precision.
  • To demonstrate the WTDA's potential for reducing radiation dose in beam characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the WTDA to experimental ionoacoustic signals from a 20 MeV proton beam.
  • Application of the WTDA to simulated ionoacoustic signals from a 200 MeV clinical proton beam.
  • Comparison of WTDA performance against state-of-the-art algorithms.

Main Results:

  • The WTDA increased SNR by 17 dB and improved measurement precision by a factor of two for a 20 MeV proton beam.
  • For a 200 MeV clinical beam, the WTDA achieved a 30 μm precision with an 80% dose reduction compared to other methods.
  • The WTDA demonstrated a six-fold precision improvement at the same 17 Gy dose deposition.

Conclusions:

  • The WTDA significantly enhances ionoacoustic signal quality and proton range measurement precision.
  • The WTDA enables substantial dose reduction for accurate beam characterization in hadron therapy.
  • This algorithm offers a promising tool for optimizing oncological hadron therapy treatments.