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Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis, also known as the factor label method, is a versatile approach for mathematical operations. The main principle behind this approach is: the units of quantities must be subjected to the same mathematical operations as their associated numbers. This method can be applied to computations ranging from simple unit conversions to more complex and multi-step calculations involving several different quantities and their units.
Conversion Factors and Dimensional Analysis
The unit...

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Updated: Feb 7, 2026

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

A Fabrication and Measurement Method for a Flexible Ferroelectric Element Based on Van Der Waals Heteroepitaxy

Published on: April 8, 2018

Metal-free three-dimensional perovskite ferroelectrics.

Heng-Yun Ye¹, Yuan-Yuan Tang¹, Peng-Fei Li¹

¹Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P.R. China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 14, 2018

Summary

Researchers discovered metal-free organic perovskite ferroelectrics. A standout material, MDABCO-ammonium triiodide, exhibits properties suitable for flexible electronics and soft robotics.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-State Physics
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Inorganic perovskite ferroelectrics are vital for electronic devices but lack flexibility.
Organic ferroelectrics offer flexibility and eco-friendly processing but are scarce.
The discovery of novel organic ferroelectrics is crucial for next-generation applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize novel metal-free organic perovskite ferroelectrics.
To explore materials with properties suitable for flexible and advanced electronic applications.
To address the lack of highly desirable organic perovskite ferroelectrics.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of metal-free organic perovskite compounds.
Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction and other techniques.
Measurement of ferroelectric properties, including spontaneous polarization and phase transition temperature.

Main Results:

A new family of metal-free organic perovskites with a 3D structure was identified.
MDABCO-ammonium triiodide demonstrated a high spontaneous polarization (22 µC/cm²) and Curie temperature (448 K).
This material exhibits eight distinct polarization directions, offering versatile applications.

Conclusions:

Metal-free organic perovskites represent a promising class of materials for ferroelectric applications.
MDABCO-ammonium triiodide's properties make it ideal for flexible electronics, soft robotics, and biomedical devices.
This discovery opens new avenues for designing advanced, flexible ferroelectric materials.