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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Convergent Evolution01:54

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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Derivation of a Human Brain Organoid with Microglia Development
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Brain organoids as models to study human neocortex development and evolution.

Michael Heide1, Wieland B Huttner1, Felipe Mora-Bermúdez2

  • 1Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|July 15, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain organoids offer advanced in vitro models for studying human neural development, surpassing traditional cell cultures. This review compares brain organoid methods and highlights their progress in modeling the developing neocortex.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Organoids modeling human brain tissue overcome limitations of traditional monolayer cultures.
  • These organoids enable in vitro studies of neural development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review organoid studies focusing on cortical wall development.
  • Compare pre-patterning and self-patterning brain organoid protocols.
  • Summarize medical and evolutionary insights from organoid technology.

Main Methods:

  • Technical comparison of brain organoid protocols (pre-patterning vs. self-patterning).
  • Analysis of neocortex development in space and time within organoids.
  • Review of existing literature on brain organoid applications.

Main Results:

  • Organoids successfully emulate specific aspects of in vivo neocortex development.
  • Identified limitations and pending tasks in current organoid models.
  • Organoid technology provides valuable medical and evolutionary insights.

Conclusions:

  • Brain organoids represent a significant advancement for studying human neural development in vitro.
  • Ongoing research continues to refine organoid models for greater accuracy.
  • Organoid technology holds promise for future medical and evolutionary research.