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Related Concept Videos

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Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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[What rheumatologists can learn from pneumologists].

G Leuschner1, C Neurohr2

  • 1Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, München, Deutschland. Gabriela.leuschner@med.uni-muenchen.de.

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie
|July 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing and treating interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) in autoimmune patients is challenging. Early diagnosis and an interdisciplinary approach are crucial for managing these high-mortality comorbidities.

Keywords:
Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung diseaseInterdisciplinarityInterstitial lung diseasePulmonary hypertensionUsual interstitial pneumonia

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases frequently cause pulmonary complications, increasing mortality risk.
  • Early diagnosis of pulmonary involvement in autoimmune conditions is critical for patient outcomes.
  • Connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung diseases (CTD-ILD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH) are significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the incidence and mortality of CTD-ILD and PH in rheumatic disease patients.
  • To review clinical aspects, diagnostic procedures, prognosis, and treatment recommendations for CTD-ILD and PH.
  • To provide guidelines for managing these complex pulmonary conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and analysis of relevant scientific publications.
  • Development of evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
  • Evaluation of clinical data, diagnostic modalities, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • CTD-ILD and PH are common in rheumatic diseases, particularly systemic sclerosis (SSc), and carry high mortality.
  • Immunosuppressive therapy shows limited efficacy for fibrotic/non-inflammatory CTD-ILD (e.g., in rheumatoid arthritis).
  • Lung transplantation is a definitive option for select eligible patients.

Conclusions:

  • Managing CTD-ILD and PH in autoimmune disease necessitates an interdisciplinary medical approach.
  • Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of antifibrotic treatments.
  • Optimizing patient care requires integrated diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.