Leu-enkephalin actions on avoidance conditioning are mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism

Leu-enkephalin (100 micrograms/kg, i.p.) administered to mice 5 min before training in a one way active avoidance task significantly reduced the number of avoidances observed in the peptide treated animals. This impairing action of Leu-enkephalin was partially attenuated by methylnaloxonium (naloxonium), a quarternary form of naloxone with a limited ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier. Passive immunization (i.v.) of mice with a Leu-enkephalin antiserum 4 hrs before training produced an effect on avoidance conditioning that was the opposite to that observed with Leu-enkephalin alone. That is, passive immunization increased the number of avoidances observed in the treated mice. The results suggest that Leu-enkephalin actions on avoidance conditioning are mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism, that leu-enkephalin may have a primary site of action outside the blood brain barrier, and that peripheral Leu-enkephalin systems may normally operate to influence conditioned avoidance behavior.