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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

25.3K
Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Weak Acid Solutions04:02

Weak Acid Solutions

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Few compounds act as strong acids. A far greater number of compounds behave as weak acids and only partially react with water, leaving a large majority of dissolved molecules in their original form and generating a relatively small amount of hydronium ions. Weak acids are commonly encountered in nature, being the substances partly responsible for the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation of insect bites, and the unpleasant smells associated with body odor. A familiar example of a...
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Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

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Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
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Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

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Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
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Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

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The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
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Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

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Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
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Weak D Testing is not Required for D- Patients With C-E- Phenotype.

Sooin Choi1, Sejong Chun2, Hwan Tae Lee3

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Annals of Laboratory Medicine
|July 21, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new algorithm for weak D testing in Korea can omit unnecessary tests for D- patients with a C-E- phenotype. This RhCE phenotyping approach reduces testing time by 36% and costs by 16.53%.

Keywords:
AlgorithmC-E- phenotypeCost effectivenessD typingRHD genotypingRhD blood typeTesting timeWeak D testing

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Area of Science:

  • Transfusion Medicine
  • Immunohaematology
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Routine weak D antigen testing is performed in Korea for D- patients, despite not being universally required.
  • Weak D testing can be omitted in D- patients with a C-E- phenotype, indicating RHD gene deletion, except in rare instances.
  • A novel algorithm was developed, involving RhCE phenotyping prior to weak D testing for C+ or E+ samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a new algorithm for weak D testing in D- patients.
  • To compare the proposed algorithm with the current method regarding time and cost-effectiveness.
  • To assess the clinical utility of omitting weak D testing in specific D- patient phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 74,889 test results from January to July 2017 was conducted.
  • Agreement between the current and proposed algorithms was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient.
  • Total tests, testing time, and costs were compared between the two algorithms.

Main Results:

  • The proposed algorithm demonstrated perfect agreement with the current method (κ=1.00).
  • Application of the new algorithm could omit 29.56% of tests annually.
  • Significant reductions were observed: 36% in testing time and 16.53% in test costs.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed algorithm for omitting weak D testing in D- patients with a C-E- phenotype is a viable strategy.
  • This approach offers significant cost-effectiveness for blood transfusion services in Korea.
  • Implementation of this algorithm can optimize laboratory workflow and resource allocation.