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Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...

Random and Systematic Errors

Random and Systematic Errors

Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...

Systematic Sampling Method

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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...

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A Cost Effective and Adaptable Scratch Migration Assay

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Radiology: A Systematic Review.

Alice Zhou¹, David M Yousem², Matthew D Alvin²

¹Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR

|July 31, 2018

Summary

Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) in radiology lack standardized methods, leading to varied conclusions. This review highlights variations in perspective, cost inclusion, and willingness-to-pay thresholds, urging for improved standardization in radiology CEA.

Keywords:

Cost effectiveness QALY cost utility outcomes quality of life

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Area of Science:

Health economics
Radiology

Background:

Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) are increasingly used in radiology.
Lack of standardized methodology in CEAs leads to conflicting conclusions and hinders policy recommendations.

Purpose of the Study:

Review recent CEAs in radiology to identify methodological variations.
Explore the impact of these variations on interpretation.
Discuss optimal strategies for performing CEAs in radiology.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of cost-utility analyses in radiology from 2013-2017.
Analysis and comparison of cost and quality-of-life methods using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist.

Main Results:

Eighty cost-utility studies were included. Significant variation was found in study perspective, cost inclusion (e.g., adverse effects, hospitalization), and utility measurement.
Most studies (80%) cited existing literature for utilities, and 90% used willingness-to-pay thresholds.

Conclusions:

Statistically significant methodological variations necessitate standardized approaches for performing and presenting CEAs in radiology.
Recommendations are provided for study perspective, cost inclusion, and willingness-to-pay thresholds.
Further work is needed to ensure comparability and transparency for informed policymaking.