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Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview01:10

Review and Preview

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.
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Light as Energy01:35

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The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
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The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
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Light plays a significant role in regulating the growth and development of plants. In addition to providing energy for photosynthesis, light provides other important cues to regulate a range of developmental and physiological responses in plants.
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Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice
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Photophobia: When Light Hurts, a Review.

Abdul Albilali1, Esma Dilli2

  • 1Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, 8219-2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1M9, Canada.

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|July 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photophobia, a light sensitivity, is common in migraine and other conditions. Understanding its neural pathways, including CGRP, aids in management strategies like sunglasses.

Keywords:
Drug-induced photophobiaHeadacheMigraineOphthalmological photophobiaPhotophobiaTraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Photophobia is a common neurological and ophthalmological symptom.
  • Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate photophobia, even in blindness.
  • Migraine is strongly associated with photophobia, but other conditions also cause it.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To offer an updated overview of photophobia.
  • To specifically focus on photophobia in relation to migraine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on photophobia.
  • Discussion of underlying neural pathways and molecular mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identified ipRGCs as key in photophobia.
  • Highlighted involvement of at least two distinct neural pathways.
  • Mentioned roles of CGRP and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide.

Conclusions:

  • Photophobia has diverse etiologies including ocular pathology, TBI, and psychiatric conditions.
  • Management involves treating the underlying cause and conservative measures.
  • Further research into neural pathways can improve treatment strategies.