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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants
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Identity and expression processing during classical conditioning with faces.

Maimu A Rehbein1,2, Maria Carmen Pastor3, Javier Moltó3

  • 1Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.

Psychophysiology
|August 3, 2018
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Summary

Emotional learning in classical conditioning transfers to new faces of the same identity. This suggests that conditioned responses (CRs) are associated with face identity, not just the specific image shown during conditioning.

Keywords:
EEGERPsclassical conditioningexpressionfacesidentity

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Classical conditioning often associates conditioned stimuli (CS+) with aversive events (UCS).
  • Responses to CS+ faces are typically interpreted as the individual's identity acquiring negative emotional meaning.
  • This interpretation hinges on conditioning linking CS+ face identity to UCS occurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if conditioned responses (CRs) transfer to novel faces of the same identity.
  • To determine if classical conditioning relies on an association between CS+ face identity and UCS occurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Forty-eight participants underwent MultiCS conditioning with neutral faces (CSs) and electric shock (UCS).
  • Behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) responses were recorded during passive viewing of novel faces.
  • Emotional learning was confirmed by central, peripheral, evaluative, and behavioral CRs.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral and EEG data showed enhanced reactions to novel expressions of previously shocked (CS+) identities compared to non-shocked (CS-) identities.
  • This indicates successful conditioned response transfer within the dimension of face identity.
  • EEG revealed rapid (within 100 ms) interactions between identity and expression processing, favoring emotional congruency.

Conclusions:

  • Conditioning appears to rely on associating UCS occurrence with CS+ face identity.
  • Fast, dynamic interplay exists between face identity and expression processing during emotional learning.
  • These findings challenge interpretations solely based on specific image associations in classical conditioning.