Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cerebrospinal Fluid01:21

Cerebrospinal Fluid

6.0K
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a colorless liquid that flows around the brain and the spinal cord, playing a vital role in the protection, support, and overall function of the central nervous system (CNS). CSF production, circulation, and absorption are tightly regulated processes essential for the brain and spinal cord to function properly.
CSF Production
CSF is produced mainly in the choroid plexus, a network of capillaries and ependymal cells located within the ventricular system of the brain....
6.0K
Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

57.2K
Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
57.2K
Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

9.6K
The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
9.6K
The Fluid Mosaic Model01:34

The Fluid Mosaic Model

178.7K
The fluid mosaic model was first proposed as a visual representation of research observations. The model comprises the composition and dynamics of membranes and serves as a foundation for future membrane-related studies. The model depicts the structure of the plasma membrane with a variety of components, which include phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These integral molecules are loosely bound, defining the cell’s border and providing fluidity for optimal function.
178.7K
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.2K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.2K
Multiple Regression01:25

Multiple Regression

4.0K
Multiple regression assesses a linear relationship between one response or dependent variable and two or more independent variables. It has many practical applications.
Farmers can use multiple regression to determine the crop yield based on more than one factor, such as water availability, fertilizer, soil properties, etc. Here, the crop yield is the response or dependent variable as it depends on the other independent variables. The analysis requires the construction of a scatter plot...
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Plasma pTau217 as a Prognostic, Monitoring, and Risk-Stratification Biomarker of Clinical Progression in Lewy Body Disease.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Distinct mechanistic pathways of early tauopathy revealed by <i>MAPT</i> mutations.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Brain injury biomarkers and intraoperative hypotension: associations with pituitary hormone deficiency following transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery for non-functioning pituitary adenomas.

Pituitary·2025
Same author

The impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers and their relationships with cognitive decline.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

The value of CSF diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in NMOSD and MOGAD in real-life use.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders·2025
Same author

Cutting through the noise: A narrative review of Alzheimer's disease plasma biomarkers for routine clinical use.

The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K

Cerebrospinal fluid GAP-43 in early multiple sclerosis.

U Rot1,2, Å Sandelius3, A Emeršič1

  • 1Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical
|August 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) may indicate inflammation in early multiple sclerosis (MS). Higher CSF GAP-43 levels correlate with MRI lesions and inflammation markers in MS patients, suggesting preserved axonal regeneration.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosisaxonal lossaxonal regenerationbiomarkerscerebrospinal fluidgrowth-associated protein 43

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.0K
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Published on: December 26, 2015

18.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 6, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.0K
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Published on: December 26, 2015

18.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and monitoring require novel biomarkers for disease activity.
  • Axonal loss, a hallmark of MS, correlates with patient disability.
  • Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) is involved in axonal growth and regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate Growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43) as a potential biomarker for axonal regeneration capacity in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To assess GAP-43 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with clinically isolated syndrome, MS, and controls.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying GAP-43 in CSF.
  • Measurement of CSF GAP-43 levels in 71 patients with clinically isolated syndrome, 139 MS patients, and 51 controls.

Main Results:

  • CSF GAP-43 concentrations were similar between MS patients and controls.
  • Higher GAP-43 levels were observed in MS patients with >10 T2-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions.
  • CSF GAP-43 correlated with CSF mononuclear cell counts and inversely with patient age, with trends towards higher levels in those with gadolinium-enhancing lesions and positive oligoclonal IgG.

Conclusions:

  • Axonal regeneration capacity appears preserved in early stages of MS.
  • CSF GAP-43 concentration is associated with inflammatory markers in early MS.
  • Findings suggest potential inflammatory-driven expression of GAP-43 in early MS, highlighting its role in disease activity.