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Related Concept Videos

Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Pleura of the Lungs01:13

Pleura of the Lungs

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The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...
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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs01:17

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

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The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...
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Breathing01:05

Breathing

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The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...
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Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

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Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System02:03

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart itself, which acts as a central pump. The systemic circuit supplies blood to the whole body, the coronary circuit supplies blood to the heart, and the pulmonary circuit supplies blood flow between the heart and lungs.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures
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Preparation and Applications of Organotypic Thymic Slice Cultures

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Lung and Thymic Carcinoids.

Christine L Hann1, Patrick M Forde1

  • 1Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Program, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|August 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lung and thymus carcinoids are rare thoracic cancers. Lung carcinoids generally have a good prognosis with early surgical treatment, while thymic tumors can be more aggressive.

Keywords:
CarcinoidLung carcinoidLung neuroendocrineThymic carcinoidThymic neuroendocrine

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A Three-dimensional Thymic Culture System to Generate Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Tumor Antigen-specific Thymic Emigrants
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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic oncology
  • Neuroendocrine tumors

Background:

  • Carcinoids in the lung and thymus are uncommon thoracic malignancies.
  • Lung carcinoid tumors typically present a favorable prognosis, especially with early diagnosis and surgical resection.
  • Thymic neuroendocrine tumors are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia-1 syndrome, exhibit a more aggressive course, and frequently cause ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key characteristics and clinical behavior of lung and thymus carcinoids.
  • To highlight the differences in prognosis and associated syndromes between lung and thymic carcinoid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on thoracic carcinoid tumors.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors.

Main Results:

  • Lung carcinoids are generally slow-growing with good outcomes after surgery.
  • Thymic carcinoids have a higher risk of aggressive behavior and paraneoplastic syndromes like Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic hormone production.

Conclusions:

  • Early surgical intervention is crucial for favorable outcomes in lung carcinoids.
  • Thymic carcinoids require careful management due to their aggressive nature and potential systemic effects.