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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification
Published on: September 15, 2012
Vulvovestibular Syndrome and Vaginal Microbiome: A Simple Evaluation
Maria Vadala1,2, Christian Testa3, Laura Coda4
1Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Via del Pozzo, 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
Background:
The vulvovestibular syndrome (VVS) is a chronic, inflammatory, multifactorial, chronic inflammation of the female urogenital access.
Methods:
The aim of this anecdotal, observational, retrospective, case-control study was to comparatively evaluate the most common bacterial strains (Lactobacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Gardnerella spp., and Streptococcus spp.) and fungi (Candida spp., Pennicillum spp., and Aspergillus spp.) in vulvodinic women, and in women without gynecological symptoms (control group).
Results:
We found that vulvodinic patients had statistically lower Lactobacilli and higher total Fungi concentration.
Conclusions:
Our preliminary study is useful to further clarify the etiopathology of vulvodynia and suggest new therapeutic strategies for approaching the VVS.
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