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Related Concept Videos

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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An atom comprises protons and neutrons, which are contained inside the dense, central core called the nucleus, with electrons present around the nucleus. Taking into account the wave–particle duality of electrons and the uncertainty in position around the nucleus, quantum mechanics provides a more accurate model for the atomic structure. It describes atomic orbitals as the regions around the nucleus where electrons of discrete energy exist, characterized by four quantum...
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Phase-Contrast Microscopes
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Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM
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Single Atom Detection from Low Contrast-to-Noise Ratio Electron Microscopy Images.

J Fatermans1,2, A J den Dekker2,3, K Müller-Caspary1

  • 1Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.

Physical Review Letters
|August 18, 2018
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Summary

Detecting single atoms is crucial. A new method combines physics-based model fitting and model-order selection to reliably identify single atoms in low-contrast images, overcoming radiation damage challenges in electron microscopy.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Single atom detection is vital for scientific advancement.
  • Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with aberration correction shows promise for single atom imaging.
  • High-energy electrons in STEM can cause radiation damage, necessitating low electron doses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a reliable method for detecting single atoms.
  • To address challenges of low signal-to-noise ratio and weak contrast in electron microscopy images, particularly for light elements.
  • To overcome limitations imposed by radiation damage from high-energy electrons.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing physics-based model fitting to analyze image data.
  • Employing a model-order selection method to enhance detection reliability.
  • Applying these techniques to scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high reliability in single atom detection.
  • Successfully improved the detection of single atoms in images with low signal-to-noise and weak contrast.
  • Demonstrated a method to overcome radiation damage limitations.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method enables robust single atom detection.
  • This approach is particularly beneficial for imaging light-element nanomaterials.
  • It advances the capabilities of electron microscopy for atomic-scale analysis.