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Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Positions01:11

Anatomical Positions

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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
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Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

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Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
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Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
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Lung Capacity01:47

Lung Capacity

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II01:11

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview II

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Each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into three main regions. The outermost region, the cerebral cortex, is a thin layer (2 to 4 millimeters thick) made up of gray matter, consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, and blood vessels. The middle region, or white matter, is primarily composed of myelinated nerve fibers organized into three types of large tracts: association fibers, commissures, and projection fibers. Association fibers connect different areas within the same...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Computed Tomography (CT) Guided Implantation of a Totally Implantable Venous Access Port (TIVAP) through Subclavian Vein
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Learning curve for port-access thoracoscopic anatomic lung segmentectomy.

Akira Hamada1, Hiroyuki Oizumi1, Hirohisa Kato1

  • 1Department of Surgery II, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.

The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
|August 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy demonstrates a learning curve, with significant improvements in operative time and bleeding after approximately 32-38 cases. Proficiency is achieved within a relatively short period.

Keywords:
segmentectomy/subegmentectomy, learning curve/3D reconstructionthoracoscopy/video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)

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Area of Science:

  • Thoracic Surgery
  • Surgical Education
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures

Background:

  • Segmentectomy is increasingly indicated for thoracic procedures due to its effectiveness and minimal invasiveness.
  • Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) enhances the feasibility of segmentectomy.
  • Few prospective studies exist, necessitating analysis of the learning curve for VATS segmentectomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the learning curve for video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) segmentectomy procedures.
  • To identify the number of cases required to achieve proficiency in VATS segmentectomy.
  • To evaluate the impact of experience on operative outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective data collection and retrospective review of 252 VATS segmentectomy patients (2004-2015).
  • Analysis of operative time, bleeding, and complications.
  • Learning curve evaluation using cumulative sum (CUSUM) of operative time for leading and non-leading surgeons.

Main Results:

  • The learning curve exhibited three phases: initial learning (61 cases), increased competence (23 cases), and highest skill (168 cases).
  • Significant differences in operative time (P<.001) and bleeding (P<.001) were observed between early and later phases.
  • Significant reductions in operative time and bleeding were noted after 32 cases for the leading surgeon and 38 cases for the non-leading surgeon.

Conclusions:

  • The inflection point for the VATS segmentectomy learning curve was reached after 84 cases.
  • Increased surgical aptitude with VATS segmentectomy is achievable in a relatively short timeframe.
  • Experience significantly improves outcomes in VATS segmentectomy.