Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

Quantum Numbers

50.8K
It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
50.8K
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

58.1K
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
58.1K
pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

80.0K
Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
80.0K
Key Techniques in Microbiology01:19

Key Techniques in Microbiology

2.4K
Aseptic techniques prevent contamination, ensure experimental accuracy, and protect researchers and microbial cultures. These techniques are essential in clinical, industrial, and research settings where sterility is required.Maintaining Sterility in Laboratory PracticesScientists maintain sterility by sterilizing tools with heat or chemicals, disinfecting work surfaces, and handling cultures in controlled environments. Working near an open flame or within a laminar flow hood reduces the risk...
2.4K
Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

24.3K
Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
24.3K
General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

35.9K
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
35.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

10<sup>-21</sup>-Level optical frequency dissemination over 2067 km of noise-loaded field-deployed fiber network.

Light, science & applications·2026
Same author

Compact non-line-of-sight imager at long range.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Low-voltage silicon photonics modulator with CMOS-compatible driving for compact quantum key distribution transmitters.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Entanglement Swapping Enables the Practical Security of Quantum Cryptography.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Gaussian boson sampling with 1,024 squeezed states in 8,176 modes.

Nature·2026
Same author

Taming Rydberg Decay with Measurement-Based Quantum Computation.

Physical review letters·2026
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

1.2K

Large scale quantum key distribution: challenges and solutions [Invited].

Qiang Zhang, Feihu Xu, Yu-Ao Chen

    Optics Express
    |September 7, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers information-theoretical security but faces experimental challenges for large-scale global networks. This review covers practical QKD security, fiber networks, and satellite-based approaches for global implementation.

    More Related Videos

    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
    12:19

    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

    Published on: April 4, 2017

    8.9K
    Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots
    10:16

    Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

    Published on: October 23, 2014

    26.1K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

    Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
    05:30

    Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

    Published on: September 8, 2023

    1.2K
    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source
    12:19

    Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

    Published on: April 4, 2017

    8.9K
    Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots
    10:16

    Production and Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots

    Published on: October 23, 2014

    26.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Cryptography
    • Network Engineering

    Background:

    • Quantum key distribution (QKD) combined with one-time pad encoding provides information-theoretical security.
    • While QKD is deployed in metropolitan fiber networks, large-scale implementation remains experimentally challenging.
    • Global QKD networks require overcoming significant experimental hurdles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review experimental efforts toward achieving global quantum key distribution.
    • To discuss the security aspects of practical QKD systems with imperfect devices.
    • To explore QKD implementation in metropolitan, backbone fiber networks, and free-space satellite links.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of experimental progress in quantum key distribution.
    • Analysis of security considerations for real-world QKD devices.
    • Examination of network architectures for fiber-optic and free-space QKD.

    Main Results:

    • Progress has been made in securing practical QKD systems.
    • QKD has been successfully demonstrated in metropolitan and backbone fiber networks.
    • Satellite-based QKD experiments show promise for free-space global coverage.

    Conclusions:

    • Global quantum key distribution is an ambitious but progressing field.
    • Addressing device imperfections is crucial for secure practical QKD.
    • Hybrid approaches combining fiber and satellite QKD are key to global networks.