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Body composition and insulin resistance in children
Claudio Maffeis1, Anita Morandi2
1Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. claudio.maffeis@univr.it.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|September 7, 2018
Summary
Insulin resistance, linked to obesity, increases risks for type 2 diabetes and heart disease, affecting children and adolescents. Factors like puberty, sex, and ethnicity influence susceptibility, with research ongoing to understand body composition
Area of Science:
- Metabolic health and endocrinology
- Pediatric obesity and diabetes research
- Cardiovascular disease risk factors
Background:
- Insulin resistance is a key metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity, predisposing individuals to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
- Childhood and adolescent obesity have driven a rise in insulin resistance prevalence in younger populations.
- Specific fat distribution, including visceral and hepatic fat (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), is implicated in insulin resistance development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize current understanding of insulin resistance development, particularly in relation to body composition.
- To highlight demographic and physiological factors influencing insulin resistance risk.
- To identify knowledge gaps and propose future research directions using advanced methodologies.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on insulin resistance, obesity, and related health outcomes.
- Analysis of demographic factors (age, sex, ethnicity) and their impact on insulin resistance.
- Discussion of the role of body fat distribution and composition.
Main Results:
- Obesity is a primary driver of insulin resistance, affecting all age groups, including children and adolescents.
- Puberty, male sex, and certain ethnicities (Hispanics, South-Asians, Indians) are associated with increased insulin resistance risk.
- Despite progress, the precise relationship between body composition and insulin resistance remains incompletely understood.
Conclusions:
- Insulin resistance is a significant metabolic challenge exacerbated by obesity, with critical implications for long-term health.
- Understanding the influence of body composition, puberty, sex, and ethnicity is crucial for targeted prevention and management strategies.
- Future research employing multiomics, nutritional, and imaging approaches is needed to fully elucidate the role of body composition in insulin resistance.
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