Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Virtual Work

Virtual Work

The principle of virtual work states that if a body is in static and dynamic equilibrium, then the sum of all the virtual work done by all external forces and couple moments for any given virtual displacement must be zero.
In static equilibrium, a body can experience an imaginary or virtual movement, such as displacement or rotation. The virtual work done by a force is equal to the dot product of force and virtual displacement in the direction of the force. When it comes to virtually rotating a...

Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving

Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving

The principle of virtual work is an essential concept in the field of mechanics and engineering. This is used to solve problems related to the equilibrium of a structure or system. It is based on the assumption that if a system is in equilibrium, the work done by all the forces during a virtual displacement is zero. This principle is applied by considering virtual displacements of the system and the corresponding work done by internal and external forces.
To apply the principle of virtual work,...

Second Order systems II

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.

First Order Systems

First Order Systems

First-order systems, such as RC circuits, are foundational in understanding dynamic systems due to their straightforward input-output relationship. Analyzing their responses to different input functions under zero initial conditions reveals significant insights into system behavior.
When a first-order system is subjected to a unit-step input, its response is characterized by its transfer function. By applying the Laplace transform of the unit-step input to the transfer function, expanding the...

Second Order systems I

Second Order systems I

A servo system exemplifies a second-order system, featuring a proportional controller and load elements that ensure the output position aligns with the input position. The relationship between these components is described by a second-order differential equation. Applying the Laplace transform under zero initial conditions yields the transfer function, showing how inputs are converted to outputs in the system.
By reinterpreting the system, one can derive the closed-loop transfer function, which...

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

Virtual work is a powerful method used to solve problems involving several connected rigid bodies. When the system is in equilibrium, virtual work is zero. This allows the calculation of the resulting forces when a system undergoes a virtual displacement. When attempting to analyze such a system, first, use a free-body diagram, where an independent coordinate represents the configuration of the links, and mark its deflected position resulting from the positive virtual displacement.
Next,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Grand Challenges in Cross Reality.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Same author

Optimal Raycast Selection Feedback in VR for Older Adults: A Design and Analysis Study.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Same author

XR Intergenerational Exergaming: Exploring the Complementary Roles of VR, MR, and Environmental Context.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Same author

NoctuaXR: Enhancing Video See-Through Perception for XR in Low-Light Environments with Real-Time Ambient-Aware Adaptation.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Same author

Exploring Freehand Selection Techniques of Polyhedron Faces in VR Environments.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Same author

Is Seeing Believing and Hearing Trusting? Exploring the Role of Visual and Vocal Cues in Shaping User Trust in VR News Anchors.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

Published on: April 5, 2018

PizzaText: Text Entry for Virtual Reality Systems Using Dual Thumbsticks.

Difeng Yu, Kaixuan Fan, Heng Zhang

IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics

|September 7, 2018

Summary

PizzaText offers a novel circular keyboard for virtual reality (VR) text entry using game controllers. This VR keyboard design enables efficient and easy text input for both novice and expert users.

More Related Videos

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Published on: November 12, 2009

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Published on: August 29, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

Published on: April 5, 2018

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Published on: November 12, 2009

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Published on: August 29, 2018

Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Virtual Reality
User Interface Design

Background:

Text entry in virtual reality (VR) environments is a significant challenge.
Existing VR text entry methods often rely on QWERTY layouts, which are not optimized for VR interaction.
Hand-held game controllers are common input devices in VR, presenting an opportunity for novel interaction techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce and evaluate PizzaText, a circular keyboard layout for efficient text entry in VR.
To design a VR text entry technique that is simple, learnable, and easy to use, even for novices.
To leverage the dual thumbsticks of game controllers for intuitive character selection in VR.

Main Methods:

Developed PizzaText, a circular keyboard layout dividing a circle into slices, each containing characters.
Utilized the right thumbstick for slice traversal and the left thumbstick for character selection.
Evaluated six potential layouts, refining the design to 7 slices with 4 characters per slice.
Conducted a five-day study with 10 participants to assess performance and usability.

Main Results:

Novice users achieved an average text entry speed of 8.59 Words Per Minute (WPM) after training.
Expert users reached an average speed of 15.85 WPM.
The PizzaText design prioritizes efficiency, learnability, and ease-of-use, demonstrating effectiveness for diverse user levels.

Conclusions:

PizzaText provides an efficient and user-friendly method for text entry in virtual reality.
The technique effectively utilizes standard game controller input for VR text interaction.
Further development can enhance VR text entry experiences, making them more accessible and productive.