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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
Published on: June 10, 2013
An Introduction to Orofacial Pain
1Surgery Health Care Service, University of Vermont Medical Center, 111 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
Abstract:
The assessment, diagnosis, and management of orofacial pain (OFP) disorders is often a complex, multifactorial, and multidisciplinary process. Nociception leads to the perception of pain, causing the personal experience of suffering, which results in pain behavior. Many patients present with various comorbidities that may influence these conditions in a multitude of ways. The clinical presentation of OFP often includes biological, psychological, social, behavioral, and belief system components.
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