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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
Genomic Diversity in Bacteria
Although bacterial genomes are much...
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies
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Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies

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Complete genome of

Seonjoo Ahn1,2,3, Sangmi Jun3,4,5, Hyun-Joo Ro3,4,5

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
|September 10, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The tar and tag genes, previously thought to distinguish Bacillus subtilis subspecies, are not reliable markers. Their presence varies by cell wall type, not subspecies, suggesting a need to update subspecies descriptions.

Keywords:
Bacillussubtilis subsp. subtilis KCTC 3135TCell-wall teichoic acids related genesIllumina sequencingcomplete genome sequence

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Bacterial Taxonomy

Background:

  • The genes tar and tag are involved in synthesizing wall teichoic acids (WTAs).
  • These genes were historically considered the primary distinction between Bacillus subtilis subspecies subtilis and Bacillus subtilis subspecies spizizenii.
  • Previous understanding suggested these genes dictated subspecies-specific cell wall compositions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the role of tar and tag genes in Bacillus subtilis subspecies differentiation.
  • To investigate the genomic basis of cell wall variations within Bacillus subtilis.
  • To determine if tar and tag genes are reliable markers for subspecies classification.

Main Methods:

  • Deep sequencing and annotation of the Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis KCTC 3135T genome.
  • Comparative genomic analysis of Bacillus subtilis subspecies.
  • Phylogenetic analysis based on whole genome sequences and tar/tag genes.

Main Results:

  • Both B. subtilis subsp. subtilis and B. subtilis subsp. spizizenii possess diverse cell wall types.
  • The tar and tag operons are mutually exclusive, with tar genes showing similarity to non-Bacillus bacteria.
  • Phylogenetic trees based on tar genes clustered by cell wall type, not subspecies, indicating horizontal gene transfer or convergent evolution.
  • Whole genome-based phylogenetic analysis clearly delineated subspecies monophyletic groups.

Conclusions:

  • The tar and tag genes are not consistently inherited and do not represent a distinguishing difference between Bacillus subtilis subspecies.
  • The presence of ribitol as a cell-wall constituent is also not a reliable differentiator.
  • The current description and taxonomic status of Bacillus subtilis subspecies spizizenii require revision based on these genomic findings.