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Resistivity

Resistivity

When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:

Resistance

Resistance

When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...

Equivalent Resistance

Equivalent Resistance

In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.

Resistance and Conductance

Resistance and Conductance

A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...

Rolling Resistance

Rolling Resistance

When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
For instance, imagine a hard cylinder rolling on a comparatively soft surface. The cylinder's weight compresses the surface beneath it. As the cylinder moves, the material in front of it slows down due to...

Vascular Resistance

Vascular Resistance

Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Published on: December 30, 2010

Carbapenem-resistant

Raghdaa A Ramadan¹, Manar G Gebriel¹, Heba M Kadry¹

¹Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt, raghdaa_abdelaziz@yahoo.ca.

Infection and Drug Resistance

|September 11, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasing globally. Colistin combinations show promise for treating infections caused by these challenging bacteria.

Keywords:

fractional inhibitory concentration intensive care unit meropenem multidrug resistant synergy

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Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

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Last Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

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Published on: December 30, 2010

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Isolation and Identification of Waterborne Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Molecular Characterization of their Antibiotic Resistance Genes

Published on: March 3, 2023

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Medical Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

Carbapenemase-producing Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are significant global health threats.
The emergence of these resistant bacteria limits the efficacy of carbapenem antibiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify carbapenemase genes in carbapenem-resistant (CR) A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa.
To assess the in vitro efficacy of colistin-based combinations against these CR isolates.

Main Methods:

Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa isolates from an ICU were analyzed.
Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect carbapenemase genes.
E-test was employed to evaluate colistin/meropenem and colistin/tigecycline combinations.

Main Results:

OXA-23, NDM, and GES genes were prevalent in CR A. baumannii.
VIM, GES, NDM, and IMP genes were detected in CR P. aeruginosa.
Colistin/tigecycline showed synergistic/additive effects in 80% of A. baumannii isolates; colistin/meropenem showed synergistic/additive effects in 100% of P. aeruginosa isolates.

Conclusions:

Carriage of carbapenemase genes is a primary driver of carbapenem resistance.
Colistin/tigecycline and colistin/meropenem combinations offer potential therapeutic options for CR A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa infections, respectively.